Geofenced event-based fan networking: space-time dependence

ABSTRACT

The present invention is a fan networking system (FNS), available through a software application, executing on fans&#39; portable smart devices for an event to be held in a venue. A FNS may offer event-customized services to fans, such as messaging, fan groups, mementos, coupons, “friends”, and contests. The level of services might depend on whether a fan is attending; timing (pre-, during, post-performance); for a competitive event, whether the fan affiliates with the home or away team; and the category of fan (e.g., audience, management, performer). Determination of whether a fan is attending may be done with geolocation services, e.g., through GPS. A fan might need to remain within the venue for some period of time to qualify as attending. Services to attending fans may extend for a period beyond the event itself.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/954,093 filed Mar. 17, 2014, and entitled “Fan Networking UsingGeofencing: System and Method”; and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/954,655 filed Mar. 18, 2014, and entitled “FanNetworking Using Geofencing: System and Method”. This application isrelated to U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed Feb. 10, 2015, andentitled “Geofenced Event-Based Fan Networking: Systems. Thisapplication is related to U.S. application Ser. No. ______, filed Feb.10, 2015, and entitled “Geofenced Event-Based Fan Networking: Methods.This application is related to International Application No. PCT/US______, filed Feb. 10, 2015, and entitled “Geofenced Event-Based FanNetworking”. All five of these applications are hereby incorporated intheir entirety by this reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to social networking at an event in avenue. More specifically, it relates to providing such functionalitythrough geolocated portable smart devices that depends upon fan andevent state.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A portable smart device (PSD) is a portable electronic device having aprocessing system and a housing, which is conveniently carried by ahuman being on their person. Examples include a cellular phone, aportable music player, a tablet computer, an e-reader, a portablecomputer, a smart watch, smart glasses, or other wearable smart device.Typically, a PSD will have means for information entry—a user interface(UI), which might include a display, e.g., a touch screen; a keyboard;tactile controls; a camera; a microphone; a sound system; or tactileoutput, such as vibration. A PSD may have access to a network (e.g., alocal, wide area, and/or personal network) through one or more wirelessinterfaces, such as WiFi, cellular network, or BLUETOOTH®. Theprocessing system may include a processor, and various forms of tangiblenontransitory computer-accessible storage. The PSD may facilitategeolocation of the device by one or more technologies, such as GPS,beacons, or cell phone towers, alone or in combination. Such a PSD canbe tracked geographically, with varying accuracy depending upon thelocation technology(ies) used.

Logic on a PSD with GPS can determine its location and how its locationchanges over time. An application running on the PSD can transmit itslocation to a remote system. Thus, so long as GPS is enabled, such adevice can be tracked, often with 10 m horizontal resolution or better.GPS location is available in many places outdoors, but might not beavailable inside some buildings. Within a building, beacons or othertechnologies may be viable for tracking a PSD.

Some PSDs have multiple modes of location services, a high resolution(HIRES) mode and at least one low resolution (LORES) mode. A LORES modeprovides less location accuracy than HIRES mode, but uses fewer ordifferent resources of the PSD, and so consumes less electricity.Typically, electricity is provided to a PSD by a battery that must berecharged periodically. Useful battery life between charging events canbe short. A software application running on the PSD can specify to theoperating system when it requires HIRES mode and when LORES mode isadequate. When a LORES mode is adequate for one application, anotherapplication might still require the operating system to keep the PSD inHIRES mode. Thus, while HIRES tracking can be demanded by a PSD,transition from HIRES to LORES mode can merely be suggested. Access tothese location tracking levels and functions may be provided to softwareexecuting on the PSD as services by its operating system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a fan networking system (FNS), availablethrough a social networking application (SNA) dedicated to fans of someevent or collection of events, and implemented by a software applicationon their PSDs—i.e., a fan networking app (FNA). The FNA, interactingwith a fan through the UI of the PSD, is a proxy for the fan. Exemplaryevents include a sports competition, an orchestra concert, a state fair,or a day at an amusement park. A FNS offers customized services to fans,such as messaging, fan groups, friends networking, mementos, coupons,and contests. Such services might be customized, based, for example,upon event(s), venue(s), or team(s). The level of event networkingservices (ENSs) offered by a fan network management system (FNMS), afacility central to the FNS, might depend on the type of event; whethera fan is attending; fan geographic location relative to a venue; timing(pre-, during, post-performance); for a competitive event, whether thefan affiliates with the home or away team; and the category of fan(e.g., audience, management, performer). A fan might need to registerwith the FNMS to access ENSs. Determination of whether a fan qualifiesas attending an event, and the fan's position in or near venue, may bedone with geolocation of their PSD, e.g., through GPS. A fan might berequired by the FNMS to remain within the venue for some period of timeto qualify as attending. Services to attending fans may extend for aperiod beyond the event itself; some services might be extended to fanswho are not in attendance.

In some embodiments, the FNA may determine whether social networking“friends” of an individual are present at the performance or event.Declaring another person to be a “friend” (or some similar term, such as“follower” or “contact”) might be done through another social networkingapplication (SNA), such as FACEBOOK® or LINKEDIN®. The FNS may haveaccess to, and take advantage of, lists of friends from other SNAs. TheFNMS might then facilitate communications directly among the friends, aswell as communication with attendees at large. Special services orbenefits might be offered to groups of friends.

A FNMS might manage, in any combination, ENSs for a single event; agroup of events; or for a set of groups of events. For example, the FNMSmight manage all events of a particular team; or a particular league; ora particular venue; or a particular set of forums; or any combination ofteams, leagues, venues, forums, performers, or groups of performers. TheFNS, through the FNA, might give the user access to any subset of eventsthat it manages. There may or may not be charges for registration withthe FNMS, or charges for FNS participation at some or all events orcollections of events. These charges might be collected by the FNMSthrough the FNA. The fan, through the UI of the FNA on their PSD, mightbe able to configure which events or groups of events for which theychoose to access fan networking from access provided by the FNA. TheFNMS might provide ENSs for some subset of those events to which theyprovide access to the fan. For example, a fan of a baseball team mighthave fan networking at all games of the league that includes the team.The FNMS might conceivably provide fan networking access for a givenuser to all events for which the FNS is implemented, simply detectingthrough their FNA the presence of fans at such events. Thus, a singleFNA might automatically provide ENSs to a given fan at a wrestling matchand at a ballet by detecting their attendance through one or more FNMSs.

The FNS might confer “points” on fans for various reasons. For example,a fan might accrue points for attending events. A fan might get bonuspoints for some achievements, such as attending enough games within aseason to be considered a “super-fan”. The points might be awarded forevents of the same type (e.g., all games of a given baseball team); orfor events of multiples types (e.g., all events managed by a FNMS). Afan might accrue points for making certain purchases; for initiallyjoining the FNS; or for participating in certain contests, games, orcompetitions. Points might be redeemable for goods, services, or cash. Afan may be able to wager points against other fans or groups of fans on,for example, certain outcomes in a game; or participate in a predictionmarket relating to the event. What is permissible with regard to pointsmay vary among legal jurisdictions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows exemplary types of events for which a FNS might beprovided.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary types of fans(interested parties).

FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating communication amongcomponents of an FNS, including a PSD, which executes a FNA, and a FNMS.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a FNMS.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates exemplary components of a PSDthat might be used to provide event networking services to a fan.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a process whereby a FNMS provides,and a fan receives, ENSs.

FIG. 7 illustrates various possible levels of FNMSs that might providefan networking services to a variety of exemplary events orperformances.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary event venue, geofenced boundaries, andgeofenced regions.

FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary event venue, geofenced boundaries,and geofenced regions.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart that illustrates how zones might be used toreduce battery usage for geolocation, while avoiding providingnetworking services to people who have not qualified to receive them.

FIG. 11 is a timeline depicting exemplary occurrences that delineate aperformance, an event, and a super-event; i.e., a duration of ENSstargeted to fans who are attending, or who attended the event.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart that illustrates an exemplary process, whichmight be required by a FNMS, whereby a fan can qualify as attending anevent.

FIG. 13 is a table that illustrates possible effects of timing andlocation of the PSD of a fan upon monitoring level, and upon state ofthe fan as present, or as qualifying to be present, for an event.

FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary factors whichmight be used to determine the “state” of a fan relative to an event,for selecting types and levels of functionality offered to them.

FIG. 15 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary categories ofevent networking services that might be provided by a FNS to fans, withthe types of functionality available to a fan depending upon theircurrent state relative to an event.

FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary services thatmight be provided by a FNS within the social networking category.

FIG. 17 shows examples of opportunities, provided by a FNS to fansattending an event, for team-based messaging, event-based messaging,venue-based messaging, games, contests, wagering, and “friends”networking.

FIG. 18 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates ways that memorabiliaoffered to fans might be customized through a FNS.

FIG. 19 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates types of mementoproducts that might be offered to, and in some cases customized by, fansthrough a FNS.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart that shows how social networking “friends” mightbe identified by, and interact through, a FNS.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating sharing of digital content amongfans using mesh networking.

FIG. 22 is an exemplary game board that might be used in a game managedby a FNS.

FIG. 23 is an exemplary set of rules that might be used by a FNS inconjunction with the game board of the previous figure.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a process for wagering points amongfans of a FNS.

FIG. 25 illustrates a list of propositions relating to a baseball game,some customizable, from which a fan might select as the basis for awager.

FIG. 26 illustrates possible elements of a loyalty program, whereby afan might earn points to be redeemed for goods, services, cash, orrecognition.

FIG. 27 illustrates exemplary kinds of data that might be maintained bya FNMS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

This description provides embodiments intended as exemplary applicationsof the inventive concept. The reader of ordinary skill in the art willrealize that the invention has broader scope than the particularexamples described here.

In this description and claims, the word “store” means store in tangiblenontransitory computer-readable storage. By “storage” we mean tangiblenontransitory computer-readable storage. By “download”, we mean downloadfrom a remote system using a wireless communication system; thecommunication system might be the Internet or some other system orcombination of systems. By “data”, we mean information stored in, oraccessed from, storage. By “database”, we mean a collection of data thatare somehow interrelated. By the word “or” we mean “inclusive or”,unless it is clear from the context that “exclusive or” is intended; so“A or B” means A, B, or A and B.

Some of the drawings are flowcharts. The flowcharts are merelyillustrative of processes. Within the scope of the invention, the orderof steps in a flowchart may be changed; steps may be omitted; differentbut similar or equivalent steps or groups of steps may be performed; orother steps may be added.

Reference numerals are keyed to the figure of first appearance of theitem to which they refer. So, for example, item 1200 appears in FIG. 12,and item 800 appears in FIG. 8.

FIG. 1 shows exemplary types of events 100 for which a FNS 300 might beimplemented. These include a two-team sporting event 110, a multi-teamsporting event 120, an individual sporting event 130, a play 140, anopera 150, a ballet practice 160, a violin recital 170, a child's pianopractice 180, a civic event 185, a political event 190, and a fireworksdisplay 195. At a baseball event, the baseball game itself can beregarded as a performance 1100; a pre-game show might optionally beregarded as part of the same performance 1100, or as a separateperformance 1100. Often a single performance 1100 is the focus of anevent 100—what the fans came to observe or experience. But an event 100may include one or more performances 1100; events 100 themselves may behierarchical, with an event 100 including other events 100.

A fan 200 is an individual or organization that is interested in anevent 100 or in a performer or artist, such as a band or a team. We willrefer to any such interested party as a fan 200, even in contexts, suchas those shown in FIG. 1 other than sporting events 100. FIG. 2 showsvarious types of fans 200, including: the audience 210; a follower 220;the press 230; a referee 240, such as a baseball umpire; a performer250; a coach 270; a manager 260; or other interested party 280.

An event networking service (ENS) 1500 is a service, such as theexemplary ones shown in FIG. 15, provided by a FNS 300 to registeredfans 200 at one or more events 100. The FNS 300 is implementedcollaboratively between a fan networking management system (FNMS) 310and the PSDs 320 of fans 200. FIG. 3 is a conceptual diagramillustrating communication among components of an FNS 300. The FNMS 310might include any kind of hardware and software appropriate for carryingout its functionality. For example, the FNMS 310 might include a server311 and a computer 312 providing a user interface (UI) 445 formanagement of the FNS 300; i.e., a management UI 450. Examples of typesof PSD 320 include a cellular phone 321, a portable media player 322,and a tablet computer 323 or e-reader. FNMS 310 configuration isdiscussed in more detail in FIG. 3; PSD 320 configuration, in FIG. 5.

Communication occurs over a communication system 330. The communicationsystem 330 might include a wide-area network such as the Internet, alocal network, or a personal network. The communication system 330 mayinclude any kind(s) of hardware of software, and may use any forms ofcommunication protocol(s). A combination of communication systems 330 isitself a communication system 330. Double-headed arrows, as typified byarrow 350, indicate the possibility of two-way communication.Single-headed arrows, typified by arrow 351 indicate one-waycommunication. In particular, GPS satellites 340 transmit microwavesignals that the PSD 320 receives and uses to determine its ownlocation. Other geolocation technology might be used alternatively or inaddition, such as beacons and cell phone towers. The communicationsystem 330 connects an instance of a FNA 510 running on participatingPSDs 320 with the FNMS 310. The FNA 510 might also facilitate directcommunications between PSDs 320 of fans 200, taking advantage of, forexample, BLUETOOTH® or WiFi that might be available in a PSD 320. See,e.g., FIG. 21 and associated text.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a FNMS 310. Except for the FNMSsoftware 460, all components in the figure may include hardware. FNMS310 provides ENSs 1500 to fans 200 through their PSDs 320. A FNMS 310may be remote from most or all of the PSDs 320. FNMS 310 execute logic,including FNMS software 460, possibly on one or more servers 311. FNMS310 may include a controller 410, which includes a processor, that runsthe automated portions of FNMS 310, and interacts with staff managingFNMS 310 through a management UI 450.

Logic of FNMS 310 facilitates or provides interaction among PSDs 320, aswell as other networking services 1600 described herein. FNMS 310 mayregister fans 200; schedule events 100; organize games and contests;advertise; sell goods and services; provide propositions of outcomes forbetting; or manage a prediction market. Ongoing human management,interacting with controller 410, may be required as types and details ofENSs 1500 may need to respond to evolution of an event 100. Themanagement UI 450 allows the event 100 management to do whatever isnecessary to run a FNS 300. The FNMS 310 includes storage 430, which mayinclude FNMS software 460 and data accessed by the controller 410 inexecuting software instructions. The storage 430 might also include datareceived from, or to be sent to, any of the types of fans 200 shown inFIG. 2. The storage 430 might include any databases regarding any of theinformation described in relation to FIG. 8-23. FIG. 27 illustrateskinds of information that might be included in storage 430.Alternatively, some or all of this data, especially data pertaining toan individual fan 200, might reside on their PSD 320. Informationsharing among FNAs 510 of attending fans 200 will be facilitated by theFNMS 310. FNMS 310 may include a timer 440. A number of timing tasks andtiming needs are described in connection with FIG. 11-14, some or all ofwhich might utilize the timer 440. FNMS 310 has a communicationinterface 420 to interact with the PSDs 320 of fans 200.

Note that logic of a FNS 300, in the form of hardware, or softwareinstructions executing on hardware, may be divided in various waysbetween PSDs 320 of fans 200 and FNMS 310. For example, some or all ofthe timing tasks might be carried out on the PSDs 320 rather than bytimer 440 and controller 410. Any workable division of FNS 300 logic iswithin the inventive scope.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates exemplary components of a PSD320 that might facilitate fan 200 interaction with ENSs 1500 provided bythe FNS 300. PSD 320 includes a processing system 550, which includes aprocessor that executes software FNA 510. FNA 510 might be installed onthe PSD 320, e.g., by the manufacturer or vendor of the PSD 320 or by acellular service provider. FNA 510 might be available for download tothe PSD 320 from a website such as, for example, the APP STORE®, GOOGLEPLAY®, or from a site provided by FNMS 310. PSD 320 may include storage,which may contain software instructions of the FNA 510, and data. Thedata might, for example, be data required or used by FNA 510; or by aFNMS 310, or it might be images, video or other computer-readablecontent that fan 200 might at some point choose to upload to, or hasdownloaded from, FNS 300. FNS 300 may allow fans 200 to share suchcontent with other fans 200. A photo might be used to customize aproduct, as described in reference to FIG. 18. PSD 320 has a UI 445,which may include a graphical user interface (GUI) 530. UI 445 allowsfan 200 to take advantage of FNS 300 services and social interactions,such as those described in relation to FIG. 15-23. Text entry might bedone through a touch screen or some other form of text entry system 540,such as a keyboard; there may be other tactile controls as well includedin the UI 445. PSD 320 may have a camera 590 for taking stillphotographs and videos. It may have a microphone (mic) 591, for makingaudio recordings. PSD 320 may have other sensors (not shown), such as athermometer, that might provide sharable data. PSD 320 may include ageolocation system 570 (e.g., a GPS 571 receiver), allowing PSD 320 todetermine its location from satellite transmissions, or other hardwareor software to facilitate geolocation of PSD 320. Interaction with FNS300, including interaction with FNMS 310 (e.g., transmission of thelocation of PSD 320; registration of PSD 320 with one or more FNSs 300;and qualifying as attending event 100); and with other fans 200, may beaccomplished through one or more wireless communication interfaces 520,such as cellular, BLUETOOTH®, or WiFi.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a process whereby a FNMS 310provides, and a fan 200 receives, ENSs 1500 during an event 100. Afterthe start 600, fan 200 registers 620 their PSD 320 with FNMS 310 toparticipate in the FNS 300 at the event 100. FNA 510 is executing 630 ona powered-on PSD 320. For example, the FNA 510 might be configured toexecute whenever the PSD 320 boots up, or the user might initiateexecution of the FNA 510. The FNMS 310 initiates management 640 of event100 and initiates ENS 1500. Using geolocation, FNA 510 tracks PSD; thetracking data is transmitted by PSD 320, and received by FNMS 310. Usingthe tracking data, FNMS 310 detects 640 that the fan 200 is attendingthe event 100. If 650 the FNMS 310 determines that fan 200 is qualifiedto participate in ENS 1500 at this event 100, then FNMS 310 provides 660ongoing ENSs 1500 through PSD 320 of fan 200 during event 100. Theprocess ends 699.

FIG. 7 illustrates that a FNMS 310 might be organized at any of avariety of levels. Some exemplary events 100 are shown in roundedrectangles. The events 100 include two baseball games, team Z playing atY's ballpark 710 (“Z-at-Y game”) and team Y at X's stadium 720 (“Y-at-Xgame”); a soccer match, team B at A 730 (“B-at-A match”), played at X'sstadium; a concert 740 of orchestra M (“concert”); and college theaterperformance 750 (“play”).

In FIG. 7, exemplary FNMSs 310 are shown in rectangles. A FNMS 310 mightprovide a FNS 300 at the level of an institution, team, or performer;for example, college FNMS 751; orchestra FNMS 742; Z-team FNMS 711;X-team FNMS 721; Y-team FNMS 713; A-team FNMS 731, and B-team FNMS 732.A FNMS 310 might provide FNS 300 at the level of a venue 800 whereevents 100 are held; for example, Y ballpark FNMS 712; X stadium FNMS722; and concert hall FNMS 741. A FNMS 310 might provide a FNS 300 atthe level of a league, consortium, or other group; for example, baseballleague FNMS 760; soccer league FNMS 770; and fine arts consortium FNMS780.

A line in FIG. 3, connecting an event 100 to a FNMS 310 indicates thatFNMS 310 might provide ENSs 1500 at the event 100. There are severalthings to note. A given FNMS 310 might serve multiple individual events100 or multiple types of events 100 (e.g., theater and soccer). A givenevent 100 might be served by a single FNMS 310, from any level, or bytwo or more FNMSs 310. These FNMSs 310 might offer ENSs 1500 to fans 200through a common FNA 510, or independently through respective FNAs 510.A central FNMS 790 might serve multiple types of events 100, leagues,venues 800, and so forth. When multiple FNSs 300 serve a given event100, each of them may provide different services and rewards to fans200. For example, a central FNMS 790 might provide redeemable points forattending a variety of event 100 types, while a venue- or team-levelFNMS 310 might offer services and incentives to encourage attendance atits own events 100.

A single FNA 510 executing on a user's portable electronic PSD 320 mightconnect with one or more FNMSs 310 for a single event 100. The FNA 510maintains in storage 560 on the PSD 320 a list of the FNMSs 310 it isregistered to access. Some of these FNMSs 310 may require a fee or feesfor registration, and/or for access to ENS 1500 at particular events100. The list of FNMSs 310 might evolve either automatically—e.g., anFNMS 310 might update the list of FNSs 300; or by user choice by, forexample, by accessing a website, or through the UI of the FNA 510itself. For any event 100 for which the PSD 320 is registered with arelevant FNMS 310, then the geolocation functionality will cause the FNA510 to be placed into wireless communication with that FNS 300; ormultiple FNSs 300. Two FNMSs 310 serving a single event 100 may offerENSs 1500 through a single FNA 510, or independently through separateFNAs 510. In other words, FNMS 310 X may require FNA 510 A, while FNMS310 Y requires B; or both X and Y may require A.

FIG. 8 shows venue 800 where a performance 1100 is held before anaudience 210. The venue 800 of FIG. 8 is a ballpark, and the event 100is a baseball game. A venue 800 might be, for example, a theater, aconvention center, a classroom, an auditorium, a park, or any type ofsports venue 800. A venue 800 may or may not include a building, such asa ballpark or concert hall. The venue 800 might be indoor, outdoor, orsome combination thereof. The event 100 might be competitive, such as afootball game, a debate, or a math competition; or noncompetitive, suchas an orchestra concert or a musical.

As will be described in relation to FIGS. 11 and 13, the FNA 510 may usethe geolocation functionality of a PSD 320 to determine a current state1400, relative to the event 100, of a fan 200. The selection of ENSs1500 provided to fans 200 in general, or to a particular fan 200, maydepend upon such event/fan state 1400.

Taking full advantage of an FNS 300 might require extended use by thefan 200 of a FNA 510 throughout an event 100, and possibly even for sometime afterward. Some steps can be taken to conserve battery 580 life inthose PSDs 320 that offer both a HIRES and a LORES mode of geolocationservice by reducing the level of geolocation resolution when feasible,consistent with the state 1400 of the fan 200 relative to the event 100.

FIG. 8 depicts an inner boundary (IB) 821, a middle boundary (MB) 822,and an outer boundary (OB) 823. These three boundaries 820 divide thehorizontal space in the vicinity of the venue 800, a ballpark, into fourlayered zones 830: an inner zone (IZ) 831 or interior 831, a middle zone(MZ) 832, an outer zone 833, and an external zone 834 or exterior 834.Such zones 830 may be used in determining state 1400 of a fan 200,relative to the performance 1100, as that state 1400 evolves. The zones830 might also be used to choose between LORES and HIRES geolocationtechnology, so as to extend battery 580 life.

In FIG. 8, the IB 821 is the boundary of the venue 800 itself (orsomething closely approximating that boundary), and the MB 822 and OB823 are both circles. An IB 821 might, in some circumstances, be aclosed figure that is entirely or partially inside the venue 800boundary.

Admission to an event 100 often requires a fee, and even at free events100, attendance in person is often encouraged by management. Because anFNS 300 provides valuable ENSs 1500 to attendees, IB 821 will preferablybe chosen so that such services are not extended to people who are notentitled to receive them. Thus, if the venue 800 is a building, an IB821 that closely tracks the boundary of the building may be preferable.

For some venues 800 and geolocation technologies, however, locating anIB 821 interior to a wall of a venue 800 might make detection of when afan 200 has crossed into the IZ 831 impossible. For example, GPStracking is unavailable in some buildings. Preferably, therefore, IB 821will be at or beyond the boundary of the venue 800 itself, although insome embodiments, IB 821 might be a simpler shape (e.g., a circle orrectangle) than the exact boundary of a building, or MB 822 or OB 823might have a less regular shape. However, for any given venue 800, asimple shape may be easier to implement, and yet be entirely adequate.Other forms of geolocation can be used instead of, or complementary to,GPS, when appropriate.

FIG. 9 shows a different venue 800 layout to illustrate generality ofthe zones 830 concept. The venue 800 in this example is a lake 900 overwhich a fireworks display will be held. The audience will observe fromthe IZ 831. Both IZ 831 and MZ 832 are bounded in part by the shore oflake 900. IZ 831 and MZ 832 are layered, but MZ 832 does not entirelysurround IZ 831. The OB 823 is a square.

Layered zones 830 can be exploited to reduce the usage of the battery580 of the PSD 320 required for geolocation, while providing HIREStracking when needed to facilitate an IB 821 that is coincides with orclosely approximates the boundary of the venue 800. PSD 320 is a proxyfor the fan 200 who has registered the PSD 320 with a FNMS 310. Thus, ifwe say that a fan 200 is in some specified zone 830, strictly speakingwe mean that the FNMS 310 has detected that the PSD 320, which isregistered to the fan 200, is within that zone 830.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart that illustrates how zones 830 might be used toreduce battery 580 usage when GPS 571 is used for geolocation, whilegeographically limiting ENSs 1500 to only fans 200 who have qualified toreceive them. After the start 1000, FNMS 310 detects 1010 that fan 200is within OZ 833. Such detection will require that PSD 320 is poweredon, and that FNA 510 is executing on PSD 320. FNMS 310 transmits 1020 aninstruction to FNA 510 to use HIRES tracking. FNA 510 demands 1030 thegeolocation system 570 of PSD 320 to use HIRES tracking. The geolocationsystem 570 initiates 1040 HIRES tracking if it is not in that modealready. Detection that fan 200 has crossed 1050 into IZ 831, and thatfan 200 is remaining for a qualifying interval within IZ 831, is thusdone with HIRES tracking, which can be quite precise. Once fan 200qualifies 1060 as attending event 100 (which might require a fee to theFNMS 310, which the FNMS 310 might automatically charge against anaccount of the fan 200), FNMS 310 might choose to be more tolerant ofimprecision in geolocation of that fan 200. FNMS 310 transmits 1070 anindication to PSD 320 that HIRES tracking is no longer needed. FNA 510,in turn, indicates 1075 to FNA 510 that it no longer needs HIREStracking. If geolocation system 570 is not using HIRES tracking for someother PSD 320 purpose, it would ordinarily turn off HIRES tracking,conserving battery 580 life. At some later time, fan 200 is detected1080 as crossing MB 822 into OZ 833 (or alternately, OZ 833 into EZ834). At this point, FNMS 310 may regard 1090 the fan 200 as not presentat event 100, and consequently may modify or reduce ENSs 1500 beingoffered to fan 200. The process ends 1099.

Of course, a FNMS 310 might want to vary ENSs 1500 at detailed locationswithin venue 800 itself—for example, in a ballpark, FNMS 310 might offercoupons 1955 to only restaurants nearby the fan's seat—then HIRESgeolocation, and hence more detailed geolocation might be requiredthroughout event 100 within the interior of the venue 800. Other aspectsof the invention apply, regardless of whether layered zones 830 and/orswitching between HIRES and LORES tracking are utilized at a given event100 or by a given FNMS 310.

Commonly, a performance 1100 is embedded in an event 100. Of course,FNMS 310 has discretion in what it treats as a performance 1100, andwhat it treats as an event 100 for purposes of selecting ENSs 1500. FIG.11 is a timeline depicting occurrences delineating a performance 1100,an event 100, and the duration of a super-event 1110, during which ENSs1500 are provided for fans who qualified “attending”. The performance1100 is embedded within the larger event 100. The event 100 starts 1120before the start 1150 of the performance 1100. From the viewpoint ofFNMS 310, and usually the expectations of the audience 210 as well,event 100 might be considered to begin when doors of the venue 800 open,and end when the doors close. For example, at a ballgame, the event 100might include some pre-game or post-game activities. The performance1100 might be regarded as lasting from the first pitch to the final out.At an opera event 100, coffee and cookies might be sold in the lobbybefore or after the performance 1100. At a concert, recordings of theperforming artists might be sold to attendees after the end 1160 of theperformance 1100, but before the end 1180 if the event 100. In any case,it takes time for an audience 210 to leave the venue 800.

Note that a timeline for an event 100 might be more complex than theexemplary one shown in FIG. 11. A state fair, for example, might run forseveral days. The state fair overall might be regarded as an event 100;each day might be regarded as a separate event; and each performance,display, amusement ride, or game within the fair on a given day might beregarded as a separate event 100. Similarly, a college football gamemight be preceded by a tailgating event surrounding the stadium, or atan adjacent location. The super-event 1110 might be regarded by the FNMS310 as the combination of the tailgating and the game, each of which istreated as a separate event 100. Alternatively, the FNMS 310 mightchoose to regard the game as the only event 100, but change theboundaries 820 of zones 830 during the super-event 1110. The principlesand methods of the invention extend to such situations, perhaps with acentral FNMS 310 (e.g., the manager of the whole state fair) and otherFNMSs 310 at the various subsidiary levels each determining whether totake advantage of a FNS 300 for their level of event 100. The OlympicGames are another example of a complex, hierarchical event. See FIG. 7.Preferably, in such situations all applicable ENSs 1500 will be offeredto fans 200 through a single FNA 510. The selection of ENSs 1500provided by the FNMS 310 may vary with factors including timing andlocation of performances, facilities such as stores and restaurants, andwith the state 1400 of fans 200 relative to those factors.

As will be described in relation to FIGS. 14 and 15 the FNMS 310 mayprovide more or better ENSs 1500 to fans 200 who are detected to beactually attending the event 100. However, a FNS 300 might offer alimited selection of ENSs 1500 to some fans 200 who are not inattendance; e.g., fans 200 of a baseball team watching a game ontelevision. We will refer to the level and variety of ENSs 1500available to fans 200 during the event 100 itself as “full service”.Note that “full service” does not imply that such fans 200 will receivean identical or a complete set of ENSs 1500. Based on location of thePSD 320, a process of qualifying, described in relation to FIG. 12, canbe applied to make this determination of attendance. An effect ofqualification for an exemplary scenario of possible state 1400 relativeto an event 100, which includes a performance 1100, is shown in FIG. 11.Immediately upon arrival of the fan 200 inside the venue 800 after thestart of the event 100, full service through the FNA 510 to the fan 200begins. We will refer to the time interval when full service isavailable to fans 200 who qualified as attending as the super-event1110. Assuming that the fan 200 does qualify 1140, full service maycontinue until, depending upon embodiment, either the performance 1100ends 1160, the fan 200 leaves 1170 the venue 800, or the event 100 ends1180. The preferred approach, however, is shown in the figure—FNMS 310will provide full service for a super-event 1110 which extends for someinterval after the event 100 ends 1180. For example, full service for anafternoon baseball game might continue to be provided to fan 200 afterthe ballpark has closed for the day to the public, and after fan 200 hasgone home. The length of the post-performance extension may depend uponthe type of performance. An extension having any duration of 30 minutesto 6 hours might be appropriate for a baseball game.

In order to conserve battery 580 life, preferably, HIRES tracking willnot be required until an inbound fan 200 crosses the OB 823 into the OZ833. When the fan 200 crosses the OB 823 (or in some embodiments, the MB822) in the other direction, then the HIRES requirement can be turnedoff. This might happen, for example, if a fan 200 enters the OZ 833, andthen exits into the EZ 834 without entering the IZ 831.

A relatively large number of people who are registered as fans 200 withthe FNMS 310 may enter the IZ 831 after the start 1120 of the event 100,but not remain for the performance 1100. Such a fan 200 might, forexample, stop to buy a ticket for an upcoming event 100, or to drop offtheir child, or to make a delivery. To distinguish an attendee from afan 200 who is, as it were, “just visiting”, we want to know whensomeone leaves the venue 800 once the FNMS 310 demand for HIRES trackinghas been removed. This can be done more or less satisfactorily by usingLORES tracking to determine that the fan 200 has exited the MZ 832 intothe OZ 833 by crossing the MB 822 (or, in some embodiments, OZ 833 intoEZ 834 by crossing the OB 823).

As already mentioned, not everyone who is near, or temporarily inside,the venue 800 is necessarily attending the performance 1100. FIG. 12 isa flowchart that illustrates an exemplary process of qualifying a fan200 to be considered as “attending” a performance 1100. The approach ofFIG. 12 is to regard a fan 200 as attending if they enter the venue 800,and remain inside for some qualification time interval DT, for example,10 min. At the start 1200 of the process, it is assumed that super-event1110 has already begun 1202. If 1205 the fan 200 has already qualified,then the qualification steps can be skipped. Once the fan 200 enters1210 the IZ 831, the FNMS 310 causes 1220 a timer 440 to be started; thetimer 440 might be within the PSD 320, or within the FNMS 310. If 1230the fan 200 leaves the MZ 832, as detected by step 1240, before intervalDT has expired, then the timer 440 is stopped 1290, and full serviceends 1280. The fan 200 has failed to qualify. Otherwise, if 1240 the fan200 remains through interval DT, then the timer 440 is stopped 1250, andthe fan 200 qualifies 1260 as attending the performance 1100. So long assuper-event 1414 has not ended (see the loop at step 1270), the fan 200continues to attend. Once the super-event 1414 period ends, fullservices end 1280. The process ends 1299. In some embodiment, additionalsteps might be required for qualification, such as paying a fee to theFNMS 310 through the FNA 510.

Note that some ENSs 1500 might be available to a registered fan 200prior to qualification. For example, a fan 200 entering the vicinity ofa ballpark might receive a banner photo and legend, e.g., “Welcome toThunderbold Field”, through their PSD 320.

FIG. 13 is a table 1300 that illustrates possible effects of timing andlocation of the PSD 320 upon monitoring level 1350 and state 1400 of thefan 200. Columns in the table 1300 fall into two categories, timing 1310and device location 1320. The timing 1310 category includes columns thatspecify whether it is during the event 1311 and whether the fan 200 isqualified 1312 as attending. The device location 1320 category includescolumns that specify whether the fan 200 is inside the OB 1321, insidethe MB 1322, or inside the IB 1323. Rows in the table specify monitoringlevel 1350 (either no monitoring 1331, LORES monitoring 1332, or HIRESmonitoring 1333), and whether the fan 200 is in the process ofqualifying 1334, and whether they are regarded as actually present 1335.The state 1400 of being present 1335 might affect the types and level ofservices offered to them by the FNMS 310. Each cell in the tablecontains either the word “YES”, as typified by the cell labeled 1341;“NO”, as typified by the cell labeled 1342; or is empty, as typified bythe cell labeled 1343. The header for a row represents an exemplaryconsequence of the Boolean statement formed by the column headers incombination with the contents of cells in that row. Empty cells areirrelevant. The resulting Boolean statements imply the following. Whennot during an event 100, no monitoring of fan 200 location is occurring.Otherwise, during an event 100, once a fan 200 has qualified asattending, LORES monitoring of the location of that fan 200 is done.When a fan 200 is inside the OB 823 and has not qualified as attending,then HIRES tracking of the fan 200 is done. This reduced monitoringlevel 1350 is particular implementation of a battery 580-conservingstrategy. Once a fan is inside the IB 821, but has not qualified asattending, then the fan is in the process of qualifying. Once a fan 200is qualified, and is within the IB 821, then the fan 200 is regarded aspresent 1335.

FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary factors whichmight be used in some embodiments to determine a current state 1400 of afan 200, in order to select types and levels of functionality offered toa fan 200 by the FNMS 310 through the FNA 510 on their PSD 320. In thebaseball scenario, a coupon 1955 for a restaurant in the ballpark isappropriate during the performance 1412 for a fan 200 who is attendingand present 1431. However, it would be inappropriate to offer that samefan 200 a free pom-pom in the home team's colors if the fan 200 choosesto affiliate with the away 1422 team. FIG. 14 uses three factors todetermine state: timing 1310, attendance 1430, and team affiliation1420. Depending upon embodiment, not all of these factors might be usedin determining state 1400. For example, team affiliation is irrelevantfor an orchestra concert. Other factors might be used in addition tothose shown. For example, state 1400, which may be used to determinelevels (e.g., value of a coupon 1955; probability of receiving a freegift) and types of services (see FIG. 15), might also be based upon fan200 type, as illustrated by FIG. 2; or by “friends” relationships, asillustrated by FIG. 20.

The cells 1405 in FIG. 14, which correspond to states 1400 of fans 200relative to an event 100, are shown empty for graphical convenience.However, for respective embodiments, each cell 1405 may correspond to aset of choices, made by FNMS 310, from among the kinds of exemplary ENSs1500 shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16. For example, full service to a memberof the audience 210 at a performance 1100 might include messaging 1510among fans 200 and/or among “friends”; the ability to interact with, andpossibly create, social groups of other fans 200 interested in theperformance 1100; loyalty recognition 1550 for a fan 200 who mayregularly attend performances 1100 of a certain type (e.g., games of abaseball team); and the opportunity to participate in contests. A givencell might correspond to any combination of services, from none at all,to full service (i.e., an enhanced set of services available to a fan200 during the event 100 or thereafter). (Note that even at “fullservice”, some variations in services offered to fans 200 may varydepending upon their spatial positions within the venue 800, or uponother factors.)

The state 1400 of a fan 200 relative to an event 100 can evolve overtime. The timing 1310 factor of FIG. 14 is determined by how FNMS 310chooses to run the event 100 including, for example, when they open andclose doors of a venue 800 where the performance 1100 is held. The FNS300 must know time points relevant to its operation. A time point mightbe manually entered to FNMS 310 through management UI 450 (e.g., we havejust opened the doors); might be available to the FNMS 310 from adatabase in storage 430, possibly in a schedule or agenda previouslyentered through the management UI 450 (e.g., the performance 1100 willbegin at 8 PM tomorrow); or obtained from one or more sensors (e.g., asensor that detects that all the seats in an auditorium are now filled).In embodiments represented by FIG. 14, the timing 1310 factor can takeon values of: within the event 100 but pre-performance 1411; during theperformance 1412; within the event 100 but post-performance 1413; in thesuper-event 1414 (but outside the event 100), and other time 1415.

The attendance 1430 factor in FIG. 14 may be determined by logic andgeographical tracking as described, for example, in relation to FIGS. 8,12, and 13. In embodiments represented by FIG. 14, the attendance 1430factor can take on values of attending and present 1431, attended andnot present 1432, and not attending 1433. Note that one might have beenattending and present 1431, even though the current time is, forexample, post-performance 1413.

The affiliation 1420 factor in FIG. 14 might be entered by the fan 200through the FNA 510. The affiliation 1420 might be set to a defaultvalue during registration of the fan 200 with the FNMS 310, or uponacquiring the FNA 510. The fan 200, again through the FNA 510, may beable to update the default, or override it temporarily for a particularperformance 1100. In embodiments represented by FIG. 14, the affiliation1420 factor can take on values of home 1421, away 1422, and neither1423.

Note too that other factors not shown in FIG. 14 may also contribute todetermining state of an event 100 and a fan 200, and hence the types andlevels of functionality offered to fans 200 by the FNS 300 through theFNA 510. For example, a given Olympic Games includes many events 100,venues 800, organizations, and levels of management; and might well havemany FNMSs 310. FIG. 11-14 are illustrative of fan state for morecommonplace embodiments of the invention. The technologies discussedherein—e.g., FNA 510 on PSD 320; geolocation; battery optimization;rules defining event 100 state and fan 200 state relative to an event100; fan 200 choice of interests or affiliation; and ENSs 1500 thatdepend upon event 100 state, fan 200 state, and fan 200 choices—can beapplied in more complex situations.

FIG. 15 describes categories of ENSs 1500 that might be provided to fans200 by a FNS 300, mostly through their PSD 320. The categories includemessaging 1510, social networking 1520, occasion recognition 1530,memorabilia 1540, loyalty recognition 1550, contests and games 1560, andwagers 1570. For example, the FNS 300 might recognize a fan 200 forregular attendance at events 100 as an instance of loyalty recognition1550. Through the FNS 300, a ballpark might post a birthday announcementon the scoreboard, possibly for a fee, as part of occasion recognition1530. Any given service in any given category might be limited to fans200 falling within a specific set of states 1400 from among allavailable states 1400, such as those depicted in FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates exemplary services thatmight be provided by a FNS 300 relating to social networking 1520. (Someof these services also fit other categories shown in FIG. 15. Socialnetworking 1520 is provided to the fan 200 through their PSD 320.Exemplary services might allow a fan 200: (1) To join 1610 with a groupof other fans 200, or create a new group. (2) To network 1612 with“friends” who are also attending an event; (3) To choose 1615 whetherthey want to affiliate with the home or the away team, in the context ofa two-team sporting event. (4) To send and receive 1620 text or othermessages. Such messages might be exchanged with other group members, orwith any of the types of fans 200 shown in FIG. 2. Preferably, toparticipate, a fan 200 will not have to identify the particular venue800 or the event 100 they are attending with a hashtag. (5) To receive1625 data (e.g., game statistics) about the performance 1100 or relatedperformances 1100. (6) To post 1630 photos, videos, and other digitalcontent to groups and another fans 200. (7) To participate 1635 incontests and games 1560, such as that described in relation to FIGS. 22and 23. Such contests and games 1560 may be provided by the FNMS 310through the FNA 510 to fans 200. (8) To earn and redeem 1637 valuablepoints 2699. (9) To wager 1638 such points 2699 among friends, socialgroups, or the fans 200 of the event 100 generally. (10) To participate1639 in prediction markets, preferably using points 2699. (11) To benotified 1640 about upcoming and related events. (12) To receive 1645historical information (e.g., season statistics) related to theperformance 1100. (13) To receive 1650 advertising. (14) To buy 1655merchandise. (15) To communicate 1660 with celebrities (e.g.,performers). (16) to receive 1665 recognition for loyalty (e.g., receivea memento for attending a specified number of home games during aseason). (17) to participate, using their PSD 320, in surveys or polls,conducted by event 100 management through the FNMS 310.

A posting might be directed by the FNMS 310 to a scoreboard or othersimilar display, possibly upon request of a fan 200. The FNMS 310 mightalso transmit to a fan 200, and the fan 200 might receive video or ANrelating to the event 100 or venue 800, such as instant replay video.

Conventional messaging systems require a sender to specify one or moreaddresses to which a message is to be sent, such as an e-mail address ortext number (each considered a separate “Address”). For some socialnetworks, one or more recipients (“followers”) can pre-select aparticular sender's Address and receive all messages from such sender.The sender would also identify the message through the use of akeyword(s) by using a hashtag (#) (an “Identifying Subject”) and allsenders' messages with the same Identifying Subject would be postedtogether in a message stream. Identifying Subjects are specific to ahashtag. For example, recipients viewing a message stream entitled#Yankeesbaseball will see different posts than #NYYankeesbaseball or#Yanksbaseball, and the viewers of these three message streams will notbe “connected together”—even if are all attending the same Yankeesbaseball game. In conventional messaging, the Address or IdentifyingSubject is the link between a sender(s) message and recipient(s) whoreceive or view a message(s).

Because a FNS 300 is aware of the respective and evolving states 1400 offans 200 relative to an event 100, messaging and other forms of sharingthrough the FNA 510 can eliminate such address multiplicity throughevent-based messaging. For example, all groups associated with aballgame and available to fans 200 who are actually present might bedisplayed in a menu through the FNA 510. Because this list of groups cancontain groups exclusively associated with this event 100, it would befar easier to navigate, and to find relevant information in, than moreconventional SNAs external to the event 100 or the super-event 1110. Thelist of groups available to fans 200 who are not present might bedifferent from those who are attending.

Event-based messaging (EBM) does not require an Address or IdentifyingSubject. Rather with EBM, messages posted by any fan 200 can be streamedto all other qualified fans 200 at the same event 100, and only to suchqualified fans 200. The venue 800 and the event 100 becomes the linkbetween the sender and receiver of a message rather than an Address orIdentifying Subject and all qualified fans can be connected together inthe same message stream without having to know the Address of other fansat the event, or be subject to the vagaries of slight differences in theIdentifying Subject (such as those for the Yankees above) that preventsuch connection. Team-based and venue-based messaging offer advantagessimilar to EBM.

FIG. 17 shows examples of opportunities, provided by a FNS 300 to fansattending an event, for EBM, team-based messaging, and venue-basedmessaging, games, contests, and wagering. Three windows, which might bedisplayed to a fan 200 at a baseball game through the GUI 530 on theirPSD 320. The windows might be displayed simultaneously on the GUI 530,or separately. Entries are underlined to suggest that they are links. Ifthe user selects a link, more information about that entry might pop upon the GUI 530. The organization of entries in these windows is notparticularly realistic, but hopefully they will make more concrete someof the concepts presented so far. The top window 1700 is dedicated toentries relating to a particular team, which might correspond to theFNMS 310 of this FNS 300; the middle window 1710, to the event 100,today's game; the lower window 1720, to the venue 800. No hashtag orother identifier is required to participate in messaging 1510 and otherENSs 1500 for the team, the game, or the ballpark; such identificationis inherent in attendance by a registered and qualified fan 200 at thisevent.

Several of the links shown in FIG. 17 give the fan 200 the opportunityto participate in a discussion group, possibly in response to a newsitem; these include: Link 1701; Link 1702; Link 1703; Link 1712; Link1716; Link 1721; Link 1722; and Link 1723. Link 1717 is a link toanother window, allowing the fan 200 to initiate their own discussiongroup. Link 1704 is link to a sales offer, which might offer the userpoints 2699. Link 1711 and Link 1713 are contests 2680, which might alsooffer points 2699 to the winner(s). Link 1718 is a link to a list of the“friends” of this fan 200 currently attending (or alternatively, somehowparticipation, possibly from home) the game. Link 1719 is an offer for awager from friend Bob (see, e.g., FIG. 24). Link 1715 is a link to anopportunity to play a contest, such as that described in FIG. 22. Notethat the content and arrangement of the GUI 530 may, and probably will,change during the course of a super-event 1110, event 100, orperformance 1100.

Through the FNA 510, the FNMS 310 may offer custom products 1800,customized in various ways, such as those shown in FIG. 18. A customproduct 1800 might depict or represent something specific 1810 to theperformance 1100, such as a logo or other representation of the twocompeting teams in a ballgame, and a date. A custom product 1800 mightdepict or represent something specific 1840 to a team (e.g., home oraway), that the fan 200 has chosen to affiliate with. A product mightdepict or represent something specific 1850. A product might depict orrepresent something specific 1830 to some occurrence during theperformance 1100, like the winning team, or a record that was set duringthe performance 1100, or a photo of a soloist. Possibly the mostinteresting kind of customization would be fan-specific 1820. Forexample, a fan 200 might upload a picture of a family member or a“selfie” (self-photograph), taken at the performance 1100. The picturemight be combined with one of the other kinds of customization, andincluded, for example, in a framed photo, on a t-shirt, or on a coffeemug. Depending on its type, a custom product 1800 might be delivered byshipping; picked up at a store in the venue 800; or if digital,downloaded through the FNA 510.

FIG. 19 is a conceptual diagram that illustrates types of memento 1900products that might be offered to, and in some cases customized by, fans200 through a FNS 300. Such mementos 1900 may include clothing 1905; acertificate 1910, such as proof of attendance; a ticket 1915 to anotherperformance 1100; a lottery ticket 1920; media 1925, such as a recordingor video; a toy 1930, such as a bobble-head doll; an entry 1935 for acontest conducted by the FNS 300 and run through the FNA 510 during theevent 100; some kind of contact with a celeb 1940, perhaps a signatureor a face-to-face meeting; food; a broadcast 1950 opportunity, such asthe right to post a child's birthday on a display in the venue 800; acoupon 1955, which might be redeemed at a store in the venue 800; or anitem of equipment 1960 from the performance 1100, such as a game ball oran actor's ruby slippers. Any such memento 1900 might be awarded to awinner of a contest.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart that illustrates how social networking “friends”might be identified by, and interact through, a FNS 300. Various SNSsallow people to designate other people as “friends” (e.g., FACEBOOK®);“followers” (e.g., TWITTER®); “contacts” (e.g., LINKEDIN®); “circles”;“groups”; or other terms indicating a voluntary social, professional, orbusiness relationship between or among individuals. We will use the term“Friend”, with an upper case ‘F’, generically for such relationships.Note that an FNS 300, at any level (see FIG. 3) may maintain its ownlist(s) of Friends, possibly allowing people to establish suchrelationships through their FNA 510.

As defined in Wikipedia, “Friending is the act of adding someone to alist of Friends on a social networking service.” If Friending occursthrough the FNA 510 and the SNS is the FNS 300 itself, then the FNS 300will know if two Friends are present at an event 100 and, depending onthe granularity of the geolocation approach(es) being used, may evenknow where they are sitting. The FNMS 310, maintains its own list ofidentifiers (IDs) of fans 200 in storage 430.

However, if Friending occurred through an external SNS such asFACEBOOK®, then FNS 300 might be able to access the Friends list of thefan 200 on that other SNS. This may require that the fan 200 givepermission for such access; that the permission be communicated to theother SNS; and that somehow the FNS 300 must be able to match the ID ofthe fan 200 in the FNS 300 with their ID in the SNS. Presumably, theirID in the SNS can be provided to the FNS 300 through the UI of the FNA510 when the fan 200 gives the FNS 300 permission to access the SNS.Access by the FNS 300 to the Friends list of the other SNS willordinarily be done through a contractual relationship between the FNMS310 and management of the SNS. In some embodiments, a fan 200 may beable to log into the SNS using their PSD 320, and then through the SNSitself log into the FNS 300. When this approach is implemented,permission, communication of permission, and ID matching might all beable to be accomplished with a single click.

At a single event 100, a fan may have multiple relevant lists of Friendscontacts. If FNS 300 has access to a list of someone's Friends, then thegeolocation services, in conjunction with the FNS 300 and the FNAs 510of the Friends, can detect pairs of Friends who are attending the event100. Social networking Friendship is quasi-contractual, and hencealthough a Friendship relationship is usually reflexive (if A is aFriend of B, then B is a Friend of A), Friends do not necessarily formgroups. For example, A may have Friends B and C, while B has Friends Aand D.

At the 2000 of FIG. 20, a fan 200 is detected 2010 by the FNMS 310, incollaboration with the FNA 510 and the geolocation system 570 of theirPSD 320, as entering the venue 800—. See FIG. 6-14 for exemplarydetails. If 2015 Friends networking is not active and enabled by the FNS300, then the process ends 2099. If Friends networking is active andenabled by the FNS 300, then a check may be made whether Friendsnetworking is active through the FNA 510 on the fan's PSD 320; the FNS300 might (or might not) give the fan control over whether the Friendsnetworking feature is enabled. If 2020 Friends networking is not activeon the PSD 320, the process ends. Otherwise, the FNS 300 (or the FNA510, depending on access means), accesses 2030 the list(s) of Friends.Note that there may be more than one list of Friends if the fan 200participates in more than one networking group that is enabled by boththe FNS 300 and the FNA 510. If 2040 Friends on such Friends lists arepresent in the venue 800, then Friends networking of the fan with thoseFriends will be established 2050. Friends networking might includenotification to both Friends in a pair of the presence of the other; theability of mutual Friends to form a group, or to together orindividually engage in any of the activities described in FIG. 16.Rewards might be awarded to groups, such as points 2699, or credittoward superfan recognition.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart illustrating sharing of digital content amongfans using mesh networking. Such digital content might include, forexample, digital images, A/V tracks, and documents. A fan 200 might wantto request to download such digital content through the UI 445 of theFNA 510 on their PSD 320. Ordinarily, the request for the digitalcontent would be transmitted by the FNA 510 to a server of the FNS 300,and the server would, if possible, either download the content from itsown storage, or first upload the content from the PSD 320 of another fan200. Mesh networking uses, when feasible, direct fan-to-fancommunication, and may be able to eliminate the server from uploadingand downloading the content, thereby reducing load upon the server andthe FNMS 310, and possibly reducing transfer times. After the start 2100in FIG. 21, the fan 200 becomes aware that certain digital contentexists through the FNA 510. This will involve the FNA 510 receiving 2110metadata about the digital content and a link identifying the content.This information may have been received from the FNMS 310 or fromanother fan 200. The fan 200 then requests 2120 the digital contentthrough the FNA 510. The FNA 510 polls 2130 the fans 200 participatingin the FNS 300 via the mesh network; mesh network access might be, forexample, by BLUETOOTH® or by WiFi. If 2140 the content is available froma nearby fan 200 through the mesh network, the FNA 510 requests 2150 thecontent and if 2160 the transfer to the PSD 320 of the fan issuccessful, the process ends 2199. Otherwise, the FNA 510 requests andreceives 2170 the content from the server.

FIG. 22 is an exemplary contest that might be run through a FNS 300.Preferably, all actions required by the fan 200 to participate in thecontest will be available through a UI 445 of the PSD 320. In ourexample, the performance 1100 is a sporting event, but the concept mightbe used in any context in which unrehearsed or random happenings happenduring the performance 1100. The contest is played on a game board 2200similar to Bingo, and has similar rules regarding winning. In thiscontest, however, the fan 200 may have some control over game board 2200contents and arrangement. FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating anexemplary embodiment of contest rules. The fan 200 receives 2310 a listof players and their jersey numbers, displayed on their PSD 320. The fanselects 2320 from the jersey numbers. In some embodiments, the FNS 300fully randomizes the choices of players. The fan 200 may be required toselect a certain number of players from each team; for example, 7 hometeam players and 2 away team players. Once they pick their players, insome embodiments the fan 200 gets to arrange 2330 them on the board; inothers, the arrangement may be randomized. The game board 2200 of FIG.22 shows such an arrangement of home team and visiting team jerseynumbers. For example, square 2210 contains home player number 42, andsquare 2220 contains visiting player number 5. The player is allowed tocover 2340 a square upon a specific type of happening during thecontest; for example, a home team player gets a hit; the home teampitcher strikes out an opposing batter; or a visiting team player isstruck out. The fan 200 wins 2350 if they fill N squares adjacent in arow, column, or diagonal of the grid, where N is the grid dimension. Theparticular board shown is a 3×3 grid. Bingo is traditionally played on a5×5 grid. The actual dimension of the square grid may be chosen by themanagers of the event 100, depending upon the number of fans 200, thevalues of the prizes, and the target number of winners.

It should be noted that contests and games are slightly different. Fanscompete with each other in a game but not in a contest. FIGS. 22 and 23describe a bingo-like contest. As an example of a game, fans 200 who arepresent at an event 100 might be requested to submit a photo, taken atthe event 100, by a certain time. Through the FNA 510, all or somesubset of fans 200 might be asked to pick a favorite from among thesubmitted photos. The remaining set of candidate photos could benarrowed iteratively by additional fan polls through the FNA 510, untila “fan photo of the event” emerges. The winner might receive a memento,reward, prize, points 2699, or other recognition.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a process for betting between fansparticipating in a FNS 300 during an event 100. Betting might befacilitated by a FNS 300, in cooperation with the FNAs 510 and PSDs 320of fans 200, during the performance 1100, the event 100, the super-event1110, or some other interval. A wager may be based on a proposed futureoutcome, a “bet proposition” (e.g., a particular player getting at leastone hit) either occurring or not. A given bet proposition might be madeavailable by the FNMS 310 for a wager that might be offered by a fan 200to a Friend or set of Friends; with another fan 200; with a social groupwithin the FNS 300; or with any other subset of FNS 300 members, such asfans 200 attending the event 100. Note, as discussed in connection withFIG. 3, that more than one FNS 300 might be available to a given fan 200for betting during an event 100. After the 2400 start of FIG. 24, theFNS 300 presents 2410 a list that includes bet propositions 2500 choicesto some subset of the set of fans 200. A given bet proposition 2500might be customizable, or not. FIG. 25 illustrates a list ofcustomizable bet propositions 2500 for a baseball game, from which a fanmight choose as the basis for a bet. Entries in the list might be chosenby management of the FNS 300, and might evolve during the event 100. Anentry might be entered into the FNS 300 through a management UI 450 to acentral FNMS 310, such as that illustrated by FIG. 7. Customizationopportunities, timing for appearance, and the fan base who will receivethe bet propositions 2500 may all be chosen by FNS 300 management. FIG.25 shows five bet propositions 2500, of which one is not customizable;one has two blanks for customization; and the remainder have one blank.If 2440 the fan 200 chooses a bet proposition 2500 from the listavailable through the GUI 530 of the FNA 510 then the fan 200 may, ifappropriate to the given bet proposition 2500, customize 2450 the betproposition 2500. Through the GUI 530, the fan 200 may choose 2460 anumber of points 2699 (see FIG. 26) to bet; the FNA 510 might also allow(not shown) the fan 200 to set odds. The fan 200 offers 2470 the bet toother fans 200. One or more other fans 200 accept 2475 the bet. At somepoint, the bet proposition 2500 is proved 2480 to be either true orfalse, and points 2699 are redistributed 2490 among the betting fans 200accordingly by the FNMS 310. The FNMS 310 through the FNS 300 may update2430 the list during the interval of betting. The process may continueuntil that interval ends.

The FNS 300 might implement other forms of betting or trading among setsof fans 200 detected by geolocation in connection with an event 100,such as described in connection with FIG. 8-15. For example, fans 200might be able, through the FNA 510 on their PSD 320, to trade, throughone or more prediction markets, in futures of outcomes, as selected bythe FNS 300 management.

FIG. 26 illustrates possible elements of a loyalty program 2600, wherebya fan might earn points 2699 to be redeemed for, e.g., goods, services,cash, or recognition. A fan 200 might earn points 2699 for attendance1430 at events. For example, a bonus might be awarded to a fan 200 thatattends a certain number of games in a season. A fan 200 might earnpoints 2699 for postings 2620 to social networks implemented by the FNS300. Other fans 200 might be given the opportunity to react to a posting2620 by indicating a ranking, or a LIKE/DISLIKE indication. For example,the FNS 300 might invite fans 200 to post their best “baby fan” video.The fan 200 who posted the video that received the highest rating fromother fans might receive a certain number of points 2699. As anotherexample, a fan 200 might accumulate points 2699 from ratings of theirposts 2620 throughout a season. At a point near the end of the season,the fan 200 with the most points 2699 from ratings might receive a bonusof points 2699 from the FNMS 310. A fan 200 might be given a start-upbonus 2630 for joining the FNS 300. A fan 200 might gain or lose points2699 by betting, as illustrated by FIG. 24 and FIG. 25; or byparticipating in some form of points 2699 trading in outcome futures,such as prediction markets 2650. A fan 200 might acquire points 2699 bypurchases 2660 of goods or services made through the FNS 300 or throughthe FNA 510; or through participation in games 2670 or contests 2680.

FIG. 27 illustrates kinds of FNMS data 2700 that might be included by aFNMS in storage 430. Databases might include registered fans data 2710;venues data 2720; events data 2730; and current event/venue data 2740.The organization shown here is merely exemplary.

Note that the concepts of the invention extend to embodiments in whichthere is an event 100, but no performance 1100 as such. For example, aday at an amusement park might be treated as an event 100. Also, somepoints may use a different system of boundaries or layers, or differenttracking method. In such embodiments, some details of the timeline andpossible states 1400 will differ from FIGS. 11 and 14, respectively, butthe inventive concepts of fan geolocation and fan/event states stillapply.

Of course, many variations of the above method are possible within thescope of the invention. The present invention is, therefore, not limitedto all the above details, as modifications and variations may be madewithout departing from the intent or scope of the invention.Consequently, the invention should be limited only by the followingclaims and equivalent constructions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process, comprising: a) establishing andstoring in computer-accessible tangible storage a performance timeinterval that pertains to a performance occurring in a venue; b)establishing and storing in the storage an event time interval thatincludes the performance time interval; c) establishing and storing inthe storage a super-event time interval that includes the event timeinterval; and d) participating in a first set of event networkingservices (ENSs), managed by a computer-implemented fan networkingmanagement system (FNMS), during the performance time interval, a secondset of fan networking services during the event time interval, and athird set of fan networking services during the super-event timeinterval.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the first set contains atleast one ENS that is not in the second set, and the second set containsat least one ENS that is not in the third set.
 3. The process of claim1, wherein the step of participating is done using a fan networkingapplication (FNA), executing on a portable smart device (PSD), the FNA(i) wirelessly sending information, including tracking data thatmonitors location of the PSD and pertaining to the ENSs through awireless communication interface directed to the FNMS, (ii) wirelesslyreceiving information pertaining to the ENSs through the interface fromthe FNMS, and (iii) transmitting and receiving information through auser interface of the PSD pertaining to the ENSs.
 4. The process ofclaim 3, wherein a selection of ENSs made available through the userinterface of the PSD vary in type depending upon whether the PSD hasqualified as attending the performance, and if so qualified, whether thePSD is determined to be currently present at the performance.
 5. Theprocess of claim 3, wherein the performance is a sport competitionhaving a plurality of competing entities, and the fan networkingservices made available through the user interface of the PSD vary intype depending upon whether an indication of affiliation with one of thecompeting entities has been received through the interface, and if so,the particular selection of competing entity.
 6. The process of claim 3,wherein the fan networking services made available through the userinterface of the PSD vary in type depending upon whether the PSD hasqualified as attending the performance, and if so qualified, whether thePSD is determined to be currently present at the performance.
 7. Theprocess of claim 3, wherein the fan networking services made availablethrough the user interface of the PSD vary in type depending uponwhether the PSD has qualified as attending the event, and if soqualified, whether the PSD is determined to be currently present at theevent.
 8. The process of claim 1, wherein the step of participating isdone by a fan network management service (FNMS), which includes acomputer processing facility that (i) wirelessly receives informationpertaining to the ENSs through a wireless communication interface, froma set of PSDs, including tracking data that monitors location of eachrespective PSD in the set of PSDs, (ii) offers the fan networkingservices to PSDs in the set of PSDs through the wireless communicationinterface, and (iii) facilitates wireless messaging services forexchanging digital content among a subset of the set of PSDs.
 9. Theprocess of claim 8, wherein the fan networking services made availablethrough the wireless communication interface vary in type depending uponwhether a given PSD has qualified as attending the performance, and ifso qualified, whether the PSD is determined to be currently present atthe performance.
 10. The process of claim 8, wherein the fan networkingservices made available through the wireless communication interfacevary in type depending upon whether a given PSD has qualified asattending the event, and if so qualified, whether the PSD is determinedto be currently present at the event.
 11. The process of claim 8,wherein the performance is a sport competition having a plurality ofcompeting entities, and the fan networking services made availablethrough the wireless communication interface vary in type, dependingupon whether an indication of affiliation with one of the competingentities has been received from a given PSD, and if so, the particularselection of competing entity.
 12. The process of claim 8, wherein thefan networking services made available through the wirelesscommunication interface of the PSD vary in type depending upon whether agiven PSD has qualified as attending the performance, and if soqualified, whether the PSD is determined to be currently present at theperformance.
 13. A process, comprising: a) tracking geolocation of aportable smart device (PSD), by a fan networking application (FNA)executing on the PSD, and transmitting the geolocation data by the FNAthrough a wireless communication interface on the FNA, directed to aremote fan networking management system (FNMS); b) satisfying by the PSDa space-time constraint, which depends upon the geolocation data,thereby qualifying the FNA to receive event networking services (ENSs)from the FNMS during an event; c) during the event, (i) receiving by theFNA metadata identifying an item of digital content that is availablethrough the FNMS, (ii) polling by the FNA to determine whether the itemis available from another PSD, which has qualified to receive ENSs fromthe FNMS, by BLUETOOTH or WiFi; (iii) if the poll finds such a PSD,transmitting a request to the other PSD for the item, and otherwisetransmitting a request for the item to the FNMS; and (iv) receiving theitem by the FNA in response to the request and storing the item intangible computer-accessible storage on the PSD.